Maritime protection systems on modern vessels: from theory to real-world testing
Introduction: from the single-line diagram to blackout… or reliability Electrification has turned the modern ship into a highly stressed microgrid.Integrated Power Systems... Learn More
Understanding the Heat Run Test with Primary Current Injection
What a Heat Run (Temperature-Rise) Test Proves and Why It Matters A heat run test—also called a temperature-rise test—verifies that equipment runs... Learn More
Directional Relays and Relay Testing: A Practical Guide with Secondary Injection
What a Directional Relay Does and Why It Matters Directional relays are not just overcurrent devices with extra logic. They compare current... Learn More
Understanding the IEC 61850 Protocol: A New Era in Electrical Protection and Control
Introduction The IEC 61850 protocol is an international standard designed for substation automation systems (SAS). It enables seamless communication between Intelligent Electronic... Learn More
Testing Recloser Logic: More Than Just “Did It Close?”
Once a recloser logic failed on a 33kV line during a storm. First trip was good. Second trip was good. Then it... Learn More
How to Design a Maintenance Plan for Electrical Substations Step by Step
1. Why a Maintenance Plan? A clear maintenance plan for electrical substations boosts supply reliability, ensures personnel safety, and extends the life... Learn More
Relay vs. Circuit Breaker: Key Differences and Why Both Must Be Tested
Relay vs. Circuit Breaker: Understanding Their Role in Protection Systems In substations and industrial power systems, relays and circuit breakers form the... Learn More
Why Relay Testing Is Essential for the Safe Operation of Electrical Substations
Introduction At the heart of every substation lies a vital component: the protection relay. Though small, its role is huge — detecting... Learn More
Analysis of Spain’s April 2025 Blackout: Causes, Low-Inertia Grid Risks, and Protection Solutions
1. Summary of the event On April 28th, 2025, Spain experienced a massive electrical blackout that affected the entire Iberian Peninsula, disrupting... Learn More
Key Factors for Low Voltage Switchgear Testing
Introduction In electrical distribution systems, low voltage (LV) switchgear plays a crucial role in controlling, protecting, and isolating electrical equipment. To ensure... Learn More